Q-Batteries铅酸蓄电池的基础原理性能
一、铅酸蓄电池的基础原理性能
铅酸蓄电池是蓄电池（二次电池）的一种，重要特点是采用稀硫酸做电解液，用二氧化铅和绒状铅分别做为电池的正极和负极的一种酸性蓄电池。电池放电时，正、负极物质和硫酸反应生产硫酸铅；放电终止时，电解液硫酸浓度降低，而且电池内电阻升高，此时要借助汽车、机车中的发电机来充电。通常一个铅酸蓄电池由6个2V的单格共同串联而成，再由电池串联成不同电压的电池组用于不同的领域。铅酸电池按照规格分，有2伏，4伏，6伏，8伏，12伏，24伏等系列，容量从200毫安时到3000安时。
常用的铅酸蓄电池重要分三大类：
1）普通蓄电池；普通蓄电池的极板是由铅和铅的氧化物构成，电解液是硫酸的水溶液。它的重要优点是电压稳定、价格便宜；缺点是比能低（即每公斤蓄电池存储的电能）、使用寿命短和日常维护频繁。
2）干荷蓄电池：它的全称是干式荷电铅酸蓄电池，它的重要特点是负极板有较高的储电能力，在完全干燥状态下，能在两年内保存所得到的电量，使用时，只需加入电解液，等过20-30分钟就可使用。
3）免维护蓄电池：免维护蓄电池由于自身结构上的优势，电解液的消耗量非常小，在使用寿命内基本不要补充蒸馏水。它还具有耐震、耐高温、体积小、自放电小的特点。使用寿命一般为普通蓄电池的两倍。市场上的免维护蓄电池也有两种：第一种在购买时一次性加电解液以后使用中不要维护（添加补充液）；另一种是电池本身出厂时就已经加好电解液并封死，用户根本就不能加补充液。
二、铅酸蓄电池使用方法
（1）防止将电池与金属容器直接接触，应采用防酸和阻热材料，否则会引起冒烟或燃烧。
（2）使用指定的充电器在指定的条件下充电，否则可能会引起电池过热、放气、泄露、燃烧或破裂。
（3）不要将电池安装在密封的设备里，否则可能会使设备浦破裂。
（4）将电池使用在医护设备中时，请安装主电源外的后备电源，否则主电源失效会引起伤害。
（5）将电池放在远离能出现火花设备的地方，否则火花可能会引起电池冒烟或破裂。
（6）不要将电池放在热源附近（如变压器），否则会引起电池过热、泄漏、燃烧或破裂。
（7）应用中电池数目超过一只时，请确保电池间连接无误，且与充电器或负载连接无误，否则会引起电池破裂、燃烧或电池损害，某些情况下还会伤人。
（8）特别注意别让电池砸在脚上。
（9）电池的指定使用范围如下。超出此范围可能会引起电池损害。
电池的正常操作范围为：77.F（25℃）电池放电后（装在设备中）：5.F到122.F（-15℃到50℃）充电后：32.F到104.F（0℃到40℃）储存中：5.F到104.F（-15℃到40℃）
（10）不要将装在机车上的电池放在高温下、直射阳光中、火炉或火前，否则可能会造成电池泄漏、起火或破裂。
（11）不要在充满灰尘的地方使用电池，可能会引起电池短路。在多尘环境中使用电池时，应定期检查电池。
三、铅酸蓄电池亏电修复方法
1.大电流充电：采用大电流充电，使大的硫酸铅结晶溶解的方法消除硫化只可以获得暂时的效果，并且会在消除硫化过程中带来加重失水和正极板软化问题，对电池寿命造成严重损伤。
2.全充全放修复法（深放电修复）：全充全放修复法就是对蓄电池采取完全充满电后，再完全放电的修复的方法。全充全放修复法重要是对轻度损伤的蓄电池具有一定的修复用途，可以有效的激活电瓶深层的活性物质，提高蓄电池容量。它适用轻度硫化的电池，内阻较高的电池，此法的关键是放电一定要充分，并且是对每个电池进行单独的充分放电，全充全放1~2次，蓄电池的容量一般都能得到提升。全充全放修复法不可经常使用，最多三个月使用一次。
3.浅循环大电流充电法：对硫化的电池，采用大电流（5h率以内电流），对电池充电至稍过充状态，控制电解液温度不超过40℃为宜，然后放电30%，如此反复数次可减轻和消除硫化现象。
4.添加活性剂：对硫化的电池，加入纯水与硫酸钠、硫酸钾、酒石酸等物质混合液，采取正常充放电几次，然后倒出纯水加入稍高密度酸液调整电池内酸液至标准液浓度，容量恢复至80%以上可认为修复成功。
5、脉冲修复：关于硫化电池，可用一些专用的脉冲修复仪对电池充放电数次来消除硫化。其一就是高电压大电流脉冲充电，通过负阻击穿消除硫化。这种方法速度快，见效快，但是对电池的寿命影响比较大。另外的方法就是采用小电流频率高达KHz以上，利用大结晶谐振的方法来溶解，这种方法修复比较慢，修复效果也比较好，但是，修复时间比较长，往往在120小时以上。
6、水疗法：重要是通过硫化的极板在纯水充电，是硫酸盐逐步溶解并排除电池外。
具体做法就是倒出电解液，换为纯水，用0.05C左右的电流充电，充电十小时以上，再倒掉电解液，换为纯水，反复充一一放一一充一一放几次，经数十小时甚至十几天，最后在充足电情况下用密度稍高的电解液调整电池内电解液密度至标准溶液密度，一般硫化现象可解除，容量恢复至80%以上可认为修复成功。
译文
1、 Basic principle and performance of lead-acid battery
Lead-acid battery is a kind of battery (secondary battery). Its important feature is that dilute sulfuric acid is used as the electrolyte, and lead dioxide and fluffy lead are used as the positive and negative electrodes of the battery. When the battery is discharged, the positive and negative materials react with sulfuric acid to produce lead sulfate; At the end of the discharge, the concentration of sulfuric acid in the electrolyte decreases, and the internal resistance of the battery increases. At this time, it is necessary to use the generator in the car and locomotive to charge. Generally, a lead-acid battery is composed of six 2V cells in series, and then the batteries are connected in series to form different voltage battery packs for different fields. According to the specifications, lead-acid batteries are divided into 2 V, 4 V, 6 V, 8 V, 12 V, 24 V series, and the capacity ranges from 200 mAh to 3000 Ah.
Common lead-acid batteries are mainly divided into three categories:
1) Ordinary battery; The plate of ordinary battery is composed of lead and lead oxide, and the electrolyte is an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid. Its important advantages are stable voltage and low price; The disadvantages are low specific energy (i.e. the electric energy stored per kilogram of battery), short service life and frequent daily maintenance.
2) Dry-charged battery: its full name is dry-charged lead-acid battery. Its important feature is that the negative plate has a high storage capacity. In a completely dry state, it can store the energy obtained within two years. When it is used, it only needs to add electrolyte, and it can be used after 20-30 minutes.
3) Maintenance-free battery: Due to its advantages in structure, the consumption of electrolyte is very small, and distilled water is basically not added during its service life. It also has the characteristics of shock resistance, high temperature resistance, small size and small self-discharge. The service life is generally twice that of ordinary batteries. There are also two types of maintenance-free batteries on the market: the first is to add electrolyte at the time of purchase, and then do not maintain (add supplemental solution); The other is that the battery itself has been filled with electrolyte and sealed when it leaves the factory, so the user can't add the supplemental solution at all.
2、 Usage of lead-acid battery
(1) To prevent direct contact between the battery and the metal container, acid-proof and heat-resistant materials should be used, otherwise it will cause smoke or combustion.
(2) Use the specified charger to charge under the specified conditions, otherwise the battery may overheat, bleed, leak, burn or break.
(3) Do not install the battery in the sealed equipment, otherwise the equipment pump may break.
(4) When using the battery in the medical equipment, please install a backup power supply other than the main power supply, otherwise the main power supply failure will cause injury.
(5) Place the battery away from the equipment that can produce sparks, otherwise the sparks may cause the battery to smoke or break.
(6) Do not put the battery near the heat source (such as transformer), otherwise it will cause overheating, leakage, combustion or rupture of the battery.
(7) When the number of batteries in the application is more than one, please ensure that the connection between the batteries is correct, and the connection with the charger or load is correct, otherwise the battery will be broken, burned or damaged, and in some cases it will also hurt people.
(8) Pay special attention not to let the battery hit your feet.
(9) The specified use range of battery is as follows. Exceeding this range may cause battery damage.
The normal operating range of the battery is: 77. F (25 ℃) After the battery is discharged (installed in the equipment): 5. F to 122. F (- 15 ℃ to 50 ℃) After charging: 32. F to 104. F (0 ℃ to 40 ℃) In storage: 5. F to 104. F (- 15 ℃ to 40 ℃)
(10) Do not put the battery installed on the locomotive in high temperature, direct sunlight, furnace or in front of the fire, otherwise it may cause battery leakage, fire or rupture.
(11) Do not use the battery in dusty places, which may cause short circuit of the battery. When using the battery in dusty environment, check the battery regularly.
3、 Repair method of lead acid battery power loss
1. High current charging: the method of using high current charging to dissolve the large lead sulfate crystals can only obtain temporary effect, and will cause serious damage to the battery life by aggravating the water loss and softening of the positive plate in the process of eliminating vulcanization.
2. Full charge and full discharge repair method (deep discharge repair): The full charge and full discharge repair method is to repair the battery after it is fully charged and then fully discharged. The full charge and full discharge repair method is important for the repair of slightly damaged batteries. It can effectively activate the active substances in the deep layer of the battery and improve the battery capacity. It is suitable for slightly sulfurized batteries and batteries with high internal resistance. The key of this method is that the discharge must be sufficient, and each battery must be fully discharged separately. The capacity of the battery can generally be improved by fully charging and discharging for 1-2 times. The full charge and full discharge repair method cannot be used frequently, and it can be used once every three months at most.
3. Shallow cycle high current charging method: For sulfurized batteries, use high current (current within 5h rate), charge the batteries to a slightly overcharged state, control the temperature of the electrolyte to not exceed 40 ℃, and then discharge 30%. Repeat this for several times to reduce and eliminate the sulfurization phenomenon.
4. Adding active agent: For the sulfurized battery, add the mixture of pure water and sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, tartaric acid and other substances, take normal charge and discharge for several times, then pour out pure water and add slightly higher density acid to adjust the acid in the battery to the standard solution concentration, and the capacity recovers to more than 80%, which can be considered as successful repair.
5. Pulse repair: For vulcanized batteries, some special pulse repair instruments can be used to charge and discharge the batteries several times to eliminate vulcanization. One is high voltage and high current pulse charging, which eliminates vulcanization through negative resistance breakdown. This method is fast and effective, but it has a great impact on the battery life. The other method is to use the small current frequency up to KHz and use the large crystal resonance method to dissolve. This method is relatively slow to repair, and the repair effect is also relatively good. However, the repair time is relatively long, often more than 120 hours.
6. Hydrotherapy: It is important to charge in pure water through vulcanized plates, and gradually dissolve the sulfate and remove it from the battery.
The specific method is to pour out the electrolyte, replace it with pure water, charge it with a current of about 0.05C, charge it for more than 10 hours, then pour out the electrolyte, replace it with pure water, repeatedly charge and discharge it one by one, charge and discharge it for several times, and finally adjust the density of the electrolyte in the battery to the density of the standard solution with a slightly denser electrolyte under sufficient power, and the general sulfuration phenomenon can be removed, The recovery of capacity to more than 80% can be considered as successful.
