Q-Batteries铅酸蓄电池的优缺点分析

Lead-acid battery is the battery with the largest market share and the widest range of use in the chemical battery, especially in the application fields of starting and large energy storage, which is difficult to be replaced by other new batteries for a long time. The price of lead-acid battery is relatively low, and it has comparative advantages such as mature technology, excellent high and low temperature performance, stability and reliability, high safety, good resource reuse, and obvious market competitive advantage.
Lead-acid battery is the earliest secondary battery in industrialization. It has been more than 150 years since its invention in 1859, but the development of this industry is still in the ascendant.
Lead-acid battery is the battery with the largest market share and the widest range of use in the chemical battery, especially in the application fields of starting and large energy storage, which is difficult to be replaced by other new batteries for a long time. The price of lead-acid battery is relatively low, and it has comparative advantages such as mature technology, excellent high and low temperature performance, stability and reliability, high safety, good resource reuse, and obvious market competitive advantage.
Compared with other battery metal materials, lead resources are relatively rich. The lead reserves and renewable lead guarantee the sustainable development of the lead-acid battery industry for a relatively long time. The lead-acid battery is widely used and will not cause lead resource shortage for a long time. The disadvantages of lead-acid batteries are that the energy density is low, the cycle life is short, the main raw material lead is a kind of toxic substance, there is a risk of lead pollution in the process of battery production and renewable lead processing, and poor management may cause harm to the environment and human health.
With the breakthrough of new technologies and the application of new structures, the continuous emergence of advanced lead-acid batteries such as lead-carbon batteries, bipolar batteries, and non-lead grid batteries has changed the shortcomings of low mass energy ratio and short cycle life. And with the gradual improvement of laws and regulations and the improvement of management level, the risk of lead pollution can also be prevented and controlled. It has injected new vitality into the sustainable development of lead-acid battery industry. In the future, lead-acid batteries will still play an important role in standby power supply, energy storage, starting, power and other applications.
Comparative advantages and disadvantages of lead-acid batteries
(1) Comparative advantages of lead-acid batteries
① Performance comparative advantages
At present, the secondary batteries of large-scale industrialization mainly include lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries and lithium-ion batteries. Cadmium-nickel battery contains highly toxic element cadmium, which has been gradually replaced by other batteries. At present, the most widely used batteries in the market are lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries and nickel-hydrogen batteries.
Compared with other secondary batteries, lead-acid batteries have the following performance advantages:
A. The battery with the longest time to realize industrial production and the most mature technology has stable, reliable performance and good applicability;
B. The dilute sulfuric acid is used as the electrolyte, which is non-flammable. The battery is designed at normal pressure or low pressure, which is safe;
C. High working voltage and wide working temperature range, suitable for high rate discharge applications such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs);
D. It can be used for floating charging, with excellent shallow charging and shallow discharge performance, and is suitable for uninterruptible power supply (UPS), new energy storage, peak shaving and valley filling of power grid, etc;
E. The technology of large-capacity battery is mature and can be made into thousands of ampere-hours battery, which provides convenience for large-scale energy storage.
② Cost comparative advantage
Lead-acid battery is the cheapest secondary battery, and the price of unit energy is about 1/3 of that of lithium ion battery or nickel hydrogen battery. In addition, the main components of lead-acid batteries are lead and lead compounds. The lead content is up to more than 60% of the total mass of batteries. The residual value of waste batteries is high, and the recovery price is more than 30% of the new battery. Therefore, the comprehensive cost of lead-acid batteries is lower.
③ Comparative advantages of recycling
Lead-acid battery has simple composition, mature regeneration technology and high recovery value. It is the easiest battery to realize recovery and recycling. The global production of recycled lead has exceeded the production of primary lead. The lead reuse rate of waste lead-acid batteries in the United States has exceeded 98.5%, and the reuse rate of waste lead-acid batteries in China has also reached more than 90%. Cadmium-nickel battery, nickel-hydrogen battery and lithium-ion battery are mostly small batteries with complex composition, high regeneration cost and difficult recovery. It is difficult to realize market-oriented operation of the regeneration industry. At present, the average recovery rate of the aforementioned batteries in the world is less than 20%, especially for lithium-ion batteries, which have not been effectively recovered and regenerated in most countries.
(2) Deficiency of lead-acid battery
① Low energy density
The mass and volume energy density of traditional lead-acid batteries are low, and the energy density is only about 1/3 of that of lithium-ion batteries and about 1/2 of that of nickel-hydrogen batteries, and the volume is large, which is not suitable for use in light and small situations. In the future, the energy density of lead-acid batteries still has much room for improvement, especially those with new materials and new technologies such as foam carbon.
Comparative advantages and disadvantages of lead-acid batteries
② Short cycle life
The cycle life of traditional lead-acid battery is relatively short, and the theoretical cycle number is about 1/3 of that of lithium-ion battery. There is still much room to improve the cycle life of lead-acid batteries, especially lead-acid batteries with new materials, new structures and new technologies, such as bipolar lead-acid batteries, lead-carbon batteries, etc.
③ Lead pollution risk in the industrial chain
Lead is the main raw material of lead-acid batteries, accounting for more than 60% of the battery quality. The lead consumption of lead-acid batteries worldwide accounts for more than 80% of the total lead consumption. Lead is a heavy metal. The lead-acid battery manufacturing industry chain (including primary lead smelting, battery manufacturing, battery recycling, and renewable lead smelting) has a high risk of lead pollution. Poor management will cause environmental pollution and harm to human health.
4. Lead-acid battery and environmental protection
Lead acid battery manufacturing is the main industry using lead. There is lead pollution risk in its industrial chain in primary lead smelting, battery production, waste battery recovery and renewable lead smelting, but the lead pollution in the whole process of the industrial chain can be effectively controlled. The technology of lead pollution prevention and control is relatively mature. A complete set of technologies and equipment related to primary lead and renewable lead smelting can be provided abroad. The domestic lead smelting technology is basically mature, including lead-acid battery manufacturing. As long as advanced environmental protection equipment is configured according to the specifications, the normal operation of environmental protection equipment will not cause lead pollution incidents. In the field of lead-acid battery manufacturing, advanced cleaner, automated and mechanized production equipment, as well as advanced environmental protection technology and equipment, have been widely used, making lead smoke, lead dust and lead compounds in water effectively treated, and lead pollution effectively controlled.
Advanced production processes include: one furnace multi-machine grid casting process, lead ingot cold cutting technology, automatic coating and brushing, and internal forming process. Advanced environmental protection processes include: high-efficiency pulse lead dust processor, multi-stage wet lead smoke processor, alkali spray acid mist processor, wastewater and reclaimed water recycling system, etc. In the past, the frequent lead pollution incidents in China were mainly caused by the imperfection of relevant laws and policies and the inadequate management of the whole process.
It is mainly manifested in five aspects:
First, disorderly competition among smelters, especially small smelters and illegal smelters, in order to compete for the market at a low price, adopt indigenous smelting methods, and there are no environmental protection facilities or the facilities operate abnormally; Even some large smelters, in order to reduce costs, have the phenomenon of nonstandard environmental protection governance, resulting in pollution incidents of primary lead enterprises.
Second, there are a large number of small lead-acid battery manufacturing plants. Their production equipment is backward, and they cannot be equipped with complete and advanced environmental protection equipment and sanitation protection facilities, which is not conducive to environmental protection and resource utilization.
Third, lead-acid battery recovery is completely in the state of unorganized recovery, which is an important link causing lead and acid pollution.
Fourth, a large number of waste batteries flow to small renewable lead plants, resulting in frequent environmental pollution incidents due to uncontrolled link management.
Fifth, there is a risk of cadmium pollution in power lead-acid batteries.
The United States is also one of the largest producers of lead-acid batteries in the world, with an annual lead consumption of more than 2 million tons. Due to sound laws and effective measures to control lead pollution, the closed cycle of lead use has been realized. From primary lead smelting, battery manufacturing, and renewable lead smelting, "from life to death" tracking has been implemented. Producers, transporters, operators, product owners, and governments at all levels "share their responsibilities", The lead pollution in the lead-acid battery industry chain has been effectively controlled.
In recent years, with the gradual promulgation and strict implementation of relevant domestic laws and regulations and industrial policies and specifications, the environmental protection awareness of lead-acid battery enterprises has gradually increased, and the continuous progress of pollution control technology, the lead pollution of major enterprises in the industry has also been effectively prevented. In particular, the environmental protection situation of industrial enterprises has been significantly improved through the industry access check, industry standard condition check and industry environmental protection check organized by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Environmental Protection. Compared with other harmful metals, lead pollution can be controlled and prevented, and lead poisoning can also be treated. A certain degree of lead poisoning or excessive blood lead can be reversed, and can be recovered through diet and drug regulation.
铅酸蓄电池是化学电池中市场份额最大、使用范围最广的电池，特别是在起动和大型储能等应用领域，在较长时间尚难以被其他新型电池替代。铅酸蓄电池价格较低，具有技术成熟、高低温性能优异、稳定可靠、安全性高、资源再利用性好等比较优势，市场竞争优势明显。

铅酸蓄电池是工业化最早的二次电池，自1859年发明至今已经有150多年的历史，但是该产业的发展仍然方兴未艾。

铅酸蓄电池是化学电池中市场份额最大、使用范围最广的电池，特别是在起动和大型储能等应用领域，在较长时间尚难以被其他新型电池替代。铅酸蓄电池价格较低，具有技术成熟、高低温性能优异、稳定可靠、安全性高、资源再利用性好等比较优势，市场竞争优势明显。

相对于其他电池金属材料，铅资源比较丰富，铅储量和再生铅保证铅酸蓄电池产业可持续发展的年限相对较长，铅酸蓄电池大量应用，较长时间内不会造成铅资源短缺。铅酸蓄电池不足之处在于：能量密度偏低、循环寿命偏短，主要原材料铅是一类有毒物质，电池生产和再生铅加工过程中存在铅污染风险，管理不善可能会对环境和人体健康造成危害。

随着新技术的突破和新结构的应用，铅碳电池、双极性电池、非铅板栅电池等先进铅酸蓄电池的不断问世，改变了质量能量比偏低、循环寿命较短等不足，并且随着法规制度的逐步健全和管理水平的提升，铅污染的风险也可防可控。为铅酸蓄电池产业的持续发展注入了新的活力。在未来，铅酸蓄电池仍将在备用电源、储能、起动、动力等应用领域发挥重要的作用。

铅酸蓄电池的比较优势和不足

(1)铅酸蓄电池的比较优势

①性能比较优势

目前，大规模产业化的二次电池主要有铅酸蓄电池、镉镍电池、氢镍电池和锂离子电池。镉镍电池含有剧毒元素镉，已逐步被其他电池所替代。目前，市场上应用最广泛的电池为铅酸蓄电池、锂离子电池和氢镍电池。

相较于其他二次电池，铅酸蓄电池主要有以下性能比较优势：

A、实现工业化生产的时间最长、技术最成熟的电池，性能稳定、可靠，适用性好;

B、采用稀硫酸作电解液，无可燃性，电池采用常压或低压设计，安全性好;

C、工作电压较高、工作温度范围较宽，适用于混合电动车(HEV)等高倍率放电应用;

D、能浮充电使用，浅充浅放电性能优异，适用于不间断电源(UPS)、新能源储能、电网削峰填谷等领域;

E、大容量电池技术成熟，能制成数千安时的电池，为大规模储能提供了便利。

②成本比较优势

铅酸蓄电池是最廉价的二次电池，单位能量的价格是锂离子电池或氢镍电池的1/3左右。此外，铅酸蓄电池的主要成分为铅和铅的化合物，铅含量高达电池总质量的60%以上，废旧电池的残值较高，回收价格超过新电池的30%，因此铅酸蓄电池的综合成本更低。

③再生利用比较优势

铅酸蓄电池组成简单，再生技术成熟，回收价值高，是最容易实现回收和再生利用的电池。全球再生铅产量已经超过原生铅产量，美国废铅酸蓄电池铅的再利用率已超过98.5%，我国废铅酸蓄电池的再利用率也达到90%以上。镉镍电池、氢镍电池、锂离子电池多为小型电池，且组成复杂，再生成本高，回收难度大，再生产业难以实现市场化运营。目前，前述电池全球的平均回收比例不足20%，特别是锂离子电池，多数国家尚未实现有效回收和再生。

(2)铅酸蓄电池的不足

①能量密度偏低

传统的铅酸蓄电池质量和体积能量密度偏低，能量密度只有为锂离子电池的1/3左右，氢镍电池的1/2左右，并且体积较大，不适宜在质量轻、体积小的场合使用。未来，铅酸蓄电池能量密度仍有较大的提高空间，尤其是泡沫碳等采用新材料、新技术的铅酸蓄电池。

铅酸蓄电池的比较优势和不足

②循环寿命偏短

传统铅酸蓄电池循环寿命较短，理论循环次数为锂离子电池1/3左右。铅酸蓄电池的循环寿命提高的空间仍然比较大，特别是新材料、新结构和新技术的铅酸蓄电池，如双极性铅酸蓄电池、铅碳电池等。

③产业链存在铅污染风险

铅是铅酸蓄电池的主要原材料，铅占电池质量的60%以上，全球铅酸蓄电池的用铅量占总用铅量的80%以上。铅为重金属，铅酸蓄电池制造产业链(包括原生铅冶炼、电池制造、电池回收、再生铅冶炼)存在较高的铅污染风险，管理不善会对环境造成污染和对人体健康产生危害。

4、铅酸蓄电池与环保

铅酸蓄电池制造是用铅的主要行业，其产业链在原生铅冶炼、蓄电池生产、废旧蓄电池回收、再生铅冶炼存在铅污染风险，但是该产业链全过程的铅污染可以实现有效控制。铅污染防治的技术较为成熟，国外已有成套有关原生铅和再生铅冶炼的技术和设备可以提供，国内的铅冶炼技术基本成熟，包括铅酸蓄电池制造在内，只要按规范配置先进的环保设备，环保设备正常运行，基本不会造成铅污染事件的发生。在铅酸蓄电池制造领域，先进的清洁化、自动化、机械化生产装备，以及先进的环保技术与装备，得到了广泛的应用，使得铅烟铅尘、水中铅化合物得到有效处理，铅污染得到有效控制。

先进生产工艺有：一炉多机板栅铸造工艺、铅锭冷切技术、自动化包片与刷片、内化成工艺等。先进环保工艺有：高效脉冲式铅尘处理器、多级湿式铅烟处理器、碱雾喷淋式酸雾处理器、废水中水回用系统等。过去我国频繁发生的铅污染事件主要是由于相关法规、政策不够完善和全过程管理不足造成的。

主要表现在五个方面：

一是冶炼厂之间的无序竞争，特别是小冶炼、非法冶炼厂为了以低价争夺市场，采用土法冶炼的方法，无环保设施或设施运行不正常;甚至也有一些大冶炼厂为了降低成本，存在环保治理不规范的现象，造成原生铅企业污染事件的发生。

二是铅酸蓄电池制造业小厂数量众多，其生产装备落后，无法配置齐全和先进的环保设备和卫生防护设施，不利于环境保护和资源利用。

三是铅酸蓄电池回收完全处于无组织回收状态，这是造成铅、酸污染的重要环节。

四是废旧蓄电池大量流向小型再生铅厂，因环节管理失控，造成经常性环境污染事件的发生。

五是动力铅酸蓄电池存在镉污染风险。

美国也是全球铅酸蓄电池生产大国之一，年用铅200多万吨，由于法规健全、控制铅污染的措施得力，实现了铅使用的闭路循环，从原生铅冶炼、电池制造、再生铅冶炼实施“从生到死”的跟踪，生产者、运输者、运营者、产品拥有者以及各级政府“共同各自承担责任”，使铅酸蓄电池产业链的铅污染得到了有效控制。

近年来，随着国内相关法规和行业政策规范的逐步颁布和严格执行，铅酸蓄电池企业环保意识的逐渐增强，污染治理技术的不断进步，行业主要企业的铅污染也已得到有效防治。特别是经过国家工信部、环保部组织进行的行业准入核查、行业规范条件核查、行业环保核查，行业企业环保状况得到显著的改善。与其它的有害金属相比，铅污染可控可防，铅中毒也可治，一定程度的铅中毒或血铅超标是可以逆转的，可以通过食疗、药物调节等得到恢复。