Q-Batteries铅酸蓄电池的检查与使用

（1） Inspection of lead-acid battery



1. Regularly inspect the appearance of the battery



The appearance inspection of battery mainly includes the following items



(1) Check the surface of the battery cover and the battery bracket for dust, oil, electrolyte and other dirt. First wash the whole shell with soda water solution, then wash it with water and dry it with paper towel. For the battery bracket, first scrape the corrosion with a trowel, then clean it with soda water solution, and finally clean it with water and dry it. After the bracket is dry, paint the anticorrosive paint. Note: Before cleaning the battery, tighten the cap of the filling hole, Prevent soda water from entering the battery



(2) Check whether there is oxide on the cable clip and pole of the battery. For the pole and cable clip, first use soda water solution to clean, and then use wire brush or special cleaning tool to clean. After cleaning, apply Vaseline or lubricating oil on the cable clip to prevent corrosion



(3) Check whether the vent hole of the filling hole cover is unblocked, so as to prevent the small hole from blocking and causing gas accumulation in the battery, which will cause pressure rise, crack the shell and even cause explosion accidents



(4) Check whether the battery is firmly installed and whether the connection between the cable clip and the pole is firm



2. Check the level of electrolyte in time



Under normal circumstances, the liquid level of the electrolyte should be 10~15mm higher than the electrode plate. The liquid level of the electrolyte should neither be too high nor too low. Too high is easy to cause electrolyte leakage, and too low is easy to cause the electrode plate to be exposed and vulcanized. Check the liquid level of the electrolyte. The glass tube with an inner diameter of 5~6mm can be inserted from the liquid filling port, the lower end of which is against the electrode plate, block the upper port with fingers, and then lift it. If the length of the liquid column at the lower end of the glass tube is 10~15mm, It indicates that the liquid level is correct. For the battery with transparent plastic shell, the liquid level can be directly observed from the outside. When the electrolyte level is too low, distilled water should be added in time to restore it to the correct liquid level. Note: Do not add electrolyte to avoid causing the electrolyte density to be too high. Because under normal use conditions, the liquid level drop is caused by the natural evaporation of water and the electrolysis of water during charging, Only when it is confirmed that the electrolyte is insufficient due to electrolyte pouring or leakage, can the electrolyte of the same density be filled



3. Regularly check the discharge degree of the battery



(1) Check the relative density of battery electrolyte



The degree of charge and discharge of the battery is determined by the inspection of the relative density of the electrolyte. The relative density of the electrolyte changes with the change of the degree of charge and discharge of the battery. During the discharge, the sulfuric acid in the electrolyte reacts with the active substance on the electrode plate to reduce the relative density of the electrolyte, so the degree of discharge can be determined by measuring the relative density of the electrolyte. According to practical experience, The relationship between the relative density of the electrolyte and the degree of discharge is: every 0.01 drop in the relative density is equivalent to 6% of the battery discharge. When measuring the relative density of the battery electrolyte, the battery should be in a stable state. After the battery is charged, discharged or filled with distilled water, it should be allowed to stand for half an hour before testing. The relative density of the electrolyte is usually measured with a float densimeter, as shown in the following figure:








When using the density meter, the inhaled electrolyte should not be too much or too little, so as to float the float, but the upper end of the float will not hold up. When reading, the float should be in the center of the glass tube, the float should not contact the glass tube wall, and the liquid level, graduation line and eye line of sight should be aligned. The measured relative density value should be corrected using the standard temperature (+25 ℃) (at the same time, the electrolyte temperature should be measured). Through the measurement of the relative density of the electrolyte of each single cell, It can be determined whether the battery is invalid. If the relative density difference between single cells is more than 0.05, the battery is invalid. When it is judged that the battery is discharged more than 50% in summer and more than 25% in winter, it is not suitable to continue to use, and supplementary charging should be carried out in time, otherwise the battery will be damaged prematurely



(2) Measure the battery open-circuit voltage



When measuring the open-circuit voltage of the battery, the battery should be in a stable state. After the battery is charged, discharged or filled with distilled water, it should be left for half an hour before testing. The open-circuit voltage of the battery can be measured by the voltage range of the multimeter. Connect the positive and negative probes of the multimeter with the positive and negative electrodes of the battery respectively. The open-circuit voltage of the battery can reflect the storage level of the battery



(3) Perform load test



The load test requires that the battery to be tested store at least 75% of the electricity, that is, the relative density of electrolyte should be higher than 1.22, and the open circuit voltage of the battery should be higher than 12.4V. If the relative density of electrolyte is lower than 1.22, and the open circuit voltage of the battery is less than 12.4V, the battery should be fully charged before the test



① Use 12V high-frequency tester to test



Use a 12V high-frequency tester to measure the terminal voltage of the battery when it is discharging at a high current, so as to judge the discharge degree and starting capacity of the battery. The use method of the 12V high-frequency tester: press the positive and negative discharge pins of the 12V high-frequency tester on the positive and negative poles of the battery, respectively, for 5s. For the 12V battery, if the voltage is maintained above 9.6V, it means that the performance is good; If the voltage is stable at 10.6~11.6 V, it means that the storage power is sufficient; If the voltage is lower than 9.6 V, it means that the power storage is insufficient; If the voltage is lower than 8V, it indicates that the battery is faulty, and the battery should be replaced. Note: this test cannot be carried out continuously, and it must be detected again after 1min to prevent battery damage



② Vehicle start test



Under the normal condition of the starting system, take the starter as the test load. Unplug the central high-voltage wire of the distributor and ground it, put the multimeter in the voltage position, press the red and black probes on the positive and negative poles of the battery respectively, connect the starter for 5s, and read the reading of the voltmeter. For the 12V battery, it should not be less than 9.6V. Start the engine several times continuously on the vehicle. If each start of the engine can effectively drive the engine to rotate, It means that the storage battery is sufficient; If it is unable to drive or does not turn at all, it means that the battery is too discharged or has a fault (under the condition that the starting system has no fault). Turn on the headlights and start the engine at night. If the starter starts powerfully and the light dims slightly, it means that the battery has sufficient power; If the starter rotates weakly and the light is dim or even off, it means that the battery is discharged too much or has been vulcanized



4. Recharge the battery regularly



Even if the degree of battery discharge is not considered, the battery should be recharged compulsorily according to the time to ensure that the battery is always fully charged and avoid the vulcanization of the electrode plate. The regular recharge is generally once a month, and the urban bus can be shorter, while the long-distance transport vehicle can be longer



（2） Use of battery



The following principles shall be followed during the use of lead-acid batteries



(1) The time of current discharge should not be too long, so when starting, the time of each start should not exceed 5s, and the interval between two adjacent starts should be 15s, and the horn should not be sounded for a long time



(2) Large current discharge or overvoltage charging is not allowed. When the charging voltage increases by 10% to 12%, the life of lead-acid battery will be shortened by about 2/3



(3) Try to avoid the lead-acid battery working under the condition of over-discharge and long-term under-charge, and also cannot work under the condition of small current discharge for a long time



(4) The lead-acid battery shall be charged frequently to basically ensure that it works in a fully charged state. If the lead-acid battery is discharged, it must be fully charged within 24 hours



(5) When using lead-acid batteries in winter, special attention should be paid to maintaining sufficient power to prevent the relative density of the electrolyte from falling and freezing, which will cause the shell to crack. However, on the premise of not icing, the relative density of the electrolyte should be as low as possible, generally not greater than 1.285. If the level of the electrolyte is too low and distilled water needs to be added, it can only be done before charging, and the water and electrolyte should be mixed as soon as possible to reduce the possibility of freezing the electrolyte



(6) The lead-acid battery shall be properly kept. It shall be protected from direct sunlight and isolated from heat sources; It shall not be inverted, placed horizontally, impacted or pressed heavily; Store in a dry, clean and well-ventilated place



（3） Disassembly and assembly of battery



(1) When disassembling and moving the battery, it should be handled with care, and dragging on the ground is strictly prohibited



(2) The battery model and vehicle type shall be consistent, and the electrolyte density and liquid level height shall meet the requirements



(3) During installation, the battery shall be fixed on the bracket and shockproof pad shall be plugged



(4) The pole shall be coated with petroleum jelly or lubricating oil to prevent corrosion and rust, and the pole clip shall be in good contact with the pole



(5) The grounding polarity of the battery must be consistent with that of the discharge motor



(6) When wiring, connect the positive pole first and then the negative pole. When removing the wire, the reverse is used to prevent the metal tool from grounding and causing the battery short circuit



（4） Storage of battery



1. Storage of new batteries. For new batteries that are not activated, the vent holes on the filling hole cover have been closed and should not be punctured. Pay attention to the following points when storing batteries:



(1) The storage room temperature is 5~30 ℃, and the environment is dry, clean and ventilated;



(2) Do not be exposed to direct sunlight, and the distance from the heat source shall not be less than 2m;



(3) Avoid contact with any liquid and harmful gas;



(4) It shall not be placed upside down or horizontally, stacked or under heavy pressure;



(5) The storage time shall not exceed 2 years



2. Storage of temporarily unused storage battery



Wet storage method shall be adopted for storage of temporarily unused storage battery, that is, fully charge the battery first, then adjust the relative density of electrolyte to 1.24~1.28, adjust the liquid level to the specified height, and then seal the vent hole. The storage period shall not exceed half a year. During the storage period, regular inspection shall be carried out. If the capacity is reduced by 25%, the battery shall be recharged immediately, and the battery shall also be fully charged before delivery



3. Storage of storage battery that has been out of service for a long time



The dry storage method is adopted for the storage of the storage battery that has been out of service for a long time, that is, the fully charged storage battery is discharged at the discharge rate of 20h, then the electrolyte is poured out, and the water is repeatedly washed with distilled water until there is no acid in the water. After drying, tighten the cover of the filling hole, and seal the vent hole. The storage condition is the same as that of the new storage battery



（5） Activation of new batteries



When starting a new battery, first clean the external surface, unscrew the cap of the filling hole, dredge the vent hole, inject new electrolyte and leave it for 4~6h, adjust the liquid level to the specified value, and then charge according to the initial charging specification before use

（一）铅酸蓄电池的检查

1.定期进行蓄电池的外观检查

蓄电池的外观检查主要有以下几项｡

(1)检查蓄电池盖表面､蓄电池托架是否有灰尘､油污､电解液等脏物｡首先用苏打水溶液冲洗整个壳体,然后用清水冲洗并用纸巾擦干｡对蓄电池托架,可先用泥子刀刮净腐蚀物,然后用苏打水溶液清洗,最后用水清洗并干燥｡托架干燥后,漆上防腐漆｡注意:清洗蓄电池之前,要拧紧加液孔盖,防止苏打水进入蓄电池内部｡

(2)检查蓄电池的电缆卡子和极柱上是否有氧化物｡对极柱和电缆卡子,可先用苏打水溶液清洗,再用钢丝刷或专用清洁工具进行清洁｡清洗后,在电缆卡子上涂上凡士林或润滑油防止腐蚀｡

(3)检查加液孔盖通气小孔是否畅通,以防止小孔堵塞而引起蓄电池内部气体集聚而造成压力升高挤裂壳体甚至产生爆炸事故｡

(4)检查蓄电池安装是否牢固,电缆卡子与极柱的连接是否牢固｡

2.及时检查电解液的液面高度

在正常情况下,电解液的液面高度应高出极板10～15mm｡电解液的液面高度既不能过高,也不能过低,过高易使电解液泄漏,过低易使极板露出而硫化｡检查电解液的液面高度,可用内径为5～6mm的玻璃管从加液口插入,下端抵住极板,用手指堵住上端口后提起,若玻璃管内下端液柱长度为10～15mm,说明液面高度正确｡对于透明塑料外壳的蓄电池,从外面便可直接观察到液面高度｡当电解液液面高度过低时应及时补充蒸馏水,使其恢复正确的液面高度｡注意:不能加注电解液,以免导致电解液密度过高｡因为正常使用条件下,液面下降是由于水的自然蒸发和充电时水的电解所致,只有当确认是电解液倾出或渗漏而使电解液不足时,才可加注相同密度的电解液｡

3.定期检查蓄电池的放电程度

（1）检查蓄电池电解液相对密度

通过电解液相对密度的检查判定蓄电池的充､放电程度｡电解液相对密度是随着蓄电池充､放电不同程度的变化而变化的｡放电时,电解液中的硫酸与极板上的活性物质发生化学反应,使电解液相对密度减小,所以通过测量电解液相对密度就可以判定放电程度｡根据实际经验,电解液相对密度与放电程度的关系是:相对密度每下降0.01,相当于蓄电池放电6%｡在测量蓄电池电解液相对密度时,蓄电池应处于稳定状态｡蓄电池充､放电或加注蒸馏水后,应静置半小时后再测试｡电解液相对密度常用浮子式密度计来测量,如下图所示：

 

 

使用密度计时,吸入的电解液不要过多或过少,以能将浮子浮起,而浮子上端又不会顶住为宜｡读数时,应使浮子在玻璃管的中央,浮子不能与玻璃管壁接触,液面､分度线与眼睛视线平齐｡测得相对密度值应用标准温度(+25℃)予以校正(同时测量电解液温度)｡通过对各个单格电池电解液相对密度的测量,可以确定蓄电池是否失效｡如果单格电池之间的相对密度相差0.05以上,则该电池失效｡当判定蓄电池在夏季放电超过50%､冬季放电超过25%时,不宜再继续使用,应及时进行补充充电,否则会使蓄电池过早损坏｡

（2）测量蓄电池开路电压

测量蓄电池开路电压时,蓄电池应处于稳定状态,蓄电池充､放电或加注蒸馏水后,应静置半小时后再测试｡蓄电池开路电压可用万用表的电压挡测量,将万用表的正､负表笔分别与蓄电池的正､负极相接即可｡蓄电池开路电压可以反映蓄电池的存电程度｡

（3）进行负荷测试

负荷试验要求被测蓄电池至少存电75%以上,也就是电解液相对密度要高于1.22,蓄电池的开路电压要高于12.4V｡若电解液相对密度低于1.22,蓄电池的开路电压不到12.4V,应先充足电,再作测试｡

①用12V高频测试仪检测｡

利用12V高频测试仪测量蓄电池在大电流放电时的端电压,可以判断蓄电池的放电程度和启动能力｡12V高频测试仪的使用方法:将12V高频测试仪的正､负放电针分别用力压在蓄电池的正､负极柱上,保持5s｡对于12V蓄电池而言,若电压保持在9.6V以上,说明性能良好;若稳定在10.6～11.6V,说明存电充足;若电压低于9.6V,说明存电不足;若电压低于8V,则说明蓄电池有故障,应更换蓄电池｡注意:此项检测不能连续进行,必须间隔1min后才可以再次检测,以防止蓄电池损坏｡

②车启动测试｡

在启动系统正常情况下,以启动机作为试验负荷｡拔下分电器中央高压线并搭铁,将万用表置于电压挡,红､黑表笔分别压在蓄电池正､负极柱上,接通启动机5s,读取电压表读数,对于12V蓄电池,应不低于9.6V｡在汽车上连续启动发动机几次,若每一次启动发动机都能很有力地驱动发动机旋转,则说明蓄电池存电充足;若无力驱动或根本不转,则说明蓄电池放电过多或有故障(在启动系统无故障的情况下)｡夜间开大灯并启动发动机,若启动机启动有力,灯光稍有变暗,则说明蓄电池存电充足;若启动机旋转无力并且灯光暗淡甚至熄灭,则说明蓄电池放电太多或已硫化｡

4.定期对蓄电池进行补充充电

即使不考虑蓄电池放电程度,也应按时间强制性补充充电,以保证蓄电池始终保持充足电状态,避免极板硫化｡定期补充充电一般每月一次,城市公交汽车可短些,而长途运输汽车则可更长一些｡

（二）蓄电池的使用

铅酸蓄电池在使用过程中,应遵循以下原则｡

(1)电流放电的时间不宜过长,所以在启动时,每次启动的时间不得超过5s,相邻两次启动之间应相隔15s,同时不能长时间鸣喇叭｡

(2)不能大电流放电或过电压充电,当充电电压增高10%～12%时,铅酸蓄电池的寿命将缩短2/3左右｡

(3)尽量避免铅酸蓄电池在过放电和长期处于欠充电状态下工作,也不能长期在小电流放电情况下工作｡

(4)铅酸蓄电池要经常进行充电,基本保证在充足电的状态下工作,如果铅酸蓄电池放完电,必须在24h内充足电｡

(5)冬季使用铅酸蓄电池时,要特别注意保持充足电状态,以免电解液相对密度降低而结冰,致使壳体破裂｡但是在不结冰的前提下,尽可能采用偏低的电解液相对密度,一般不大于1.285｡如果电解液的液面过低,需添加蒸馏水时,只能在充电前进行,尽快地使水和电解液混合,减少电解液冰冻可能性｡

(6)铅酸蓄电池保管要妥善｡要做到不受阳光直射,与热源隔离;不得倒置､卧放､冲击､重压;保存在干燥､清洁､通风良好的地方｡

（三）蓄电池的拆装

(1)拆装､移动蓄电池时,应轻搬轻放,严禁在地上拖拽｡

(2)蓄电池型号和车型应相符,电解液密度和液面高度应符合规定｡

(3)安装时,蓄电池应固定在托架上,塞好防震垫｡

(4)极柱涂上凡士林或润滑油,防腐防锈,极柱卡子与极柱要接触良好｡

(5)蓄电池搭铁极性必须与放电机一致｡

(6)接线时先接正极后接负极,拆线时相反,以防金属工具搭铁,造成蓄电池短路｡

（四）蓄电池的储存

1.新蓄电池的储存未启用的新蓄电池,其加液孔盖上的通气孔均已封闭,不要捅破｡保管蓄电池注意以下几点:

(1)存放室温5～30℃,环境干燥､清洁､通风;

(2)不要受阳光直射,离热源距离不小于2m;

(3)避免与任何液体和有害气体接触;

(4)不得倒置或卧放,不得叠放,不得承受重压;

(5)存放时间不得超过2年｡

2.暂时不用的蓄电池的储存

暂时不用的蓄电池储存时采用湿储存法,即先充足电,再把电解液相对密度调至1.24～1.28,液面高度调至规定高度,然后将通气孔密封,存放期不得超过半年,期间应定期检查,如容量降低25%,应立即补充充电,交付使用前也应先充足电｡

3.长期停用的蓄电池的储存

长期停用的蓄电池储存时采用干储存法,即先将充足电的蓄电池以20h放电率放完电,然后倒出电解液,用蒸馏水反复冲洗多次,直到水中无酸性,晾干后旋紧加液孔盖,并将通气孔密封,存放条件与新蓄电池相同｡

（五）新蓄电池的启用

启用新蓄电池时,首先擦净外表面,旋开加液孔盖,疏通通气孔,注入新电解液静置4～6h后,调节液面高度至规定值,按初充电规范进行充电后即可使用｡